The purposes of this research were to explore the construction on teamwork in basketball that demanding the high level of teamwork and to develop the teamwork perception scale. In other to explore the construction on teamwork in basketball, an open survey on 57 amateur basketball players and in-depth interviews to 13 field coaches and retired basketball players were carried out. With the inductive content analysis based on the result, 4 factors were classified; training teamwork, game teamwork, personal relationship & group life, and the influence of a lealif. Based on the inductive content analysis, 58 preliminary quesnce ofabout teamwork perception of basketball game were mali and 99 amateur basketball players in 8 teams responded on the quesnce o.eam the result of descriptive analysis and reliability analysis, 48 quesnce ofwere re ieded among the 58 preliminary quesnce o. By the result of the preliminary research, this research carried out exploratory factor analysisonFa) on amateur basketball players in 24 teams to extract the s ftable structure modelfabout 48 quesnce o.eafter thatplo8 quesnce ofwere de ided, and 20 quesnce ofof 4 factors were extracted. In the concrete, the 4 factors were coinosed of eqBaselealing factor,up ity factor,ufo8 owship factor,uand lealif acfort factor. With the 20 quesnce offrom EFa, confirmatory factor analysisoCFa) to amateur players in 27 teams to mtie sure the s ftability of factor model.eam the result, 3 quesnce ofwere de ided, so 17 quesnce ofof 4 factors were developed am the final meamurement scale. In the concrete, there were 3 questions of equal leading factor, 7 questions of unity factor, 3 questions of fellowship factor, and 4 questions of leader effort factor. Internal reliability of the final scale developed was confirmed, and external validity was partially confirmed by checking the convergence and the discriminant validity with applying Multitrait-Multimethod(MTMM) method.

The purpose of this study was to develop the collective efficacy scale for soccer and test its validation. The procedure of this study was based on the CEQS developed by Short et al.(2005). First, The data was collected by open-ended questionnaire. A total of 707 raw data were classified into 66 questions from 13 sub-factors and 7 general factors according to their contents and meaning. Second, the 42 questions with proper reliability and fitness were selected through pilot-test. Third, the exploratory factor analysis was performed, reclassifying into 16 questions and four factors; team strategy, sufficient training, trust for leader, and effective communication. Fourth, four factors and 15 questions were determined from factor analysis. Fifth, multi-group analysis and analysis on the difference among factors according to gender and level were performed. Those results showed that the presented scale is capable of being used regardless of gender and level and that collective cohesion ensuring the convergence validity by inter-questions. In conclusion, it is considered that the presented scale has validity for scale for collective efficacy in soccer, and is expected to contribute in studying comparison between individual and collective scores, comparison on each factors, comparison between score and performance in team dimension, and predicting outcomes of future.

The purpose of this study was to test a structural relationship between perceived autonomy-supportive coaching, basic psychological needs, and motivational orientations among collegiate athletes, which was based on hypothesized model by Amorose and Anderson-Butcher(2007). 315 male college athletes completed questionnaires assessing perceived autonomy support, competence, autonomy, relatedness, and motivational orientations. Using SPSS 15.0 and AMOS 7.0 statistical packages, data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, correlational analysis, and structural equation modeling analysis. Results indicated that a perceived autonomy support significantly predicted college athletes` relatedness, autonomy, and competence, which each predicted their motivational orientations. Structural equation modeling analysis supported a model which a perceived autonomy support positively impacted hypothesized mediating variables of three basic needs to foster self-determined motivation. In conclusion, the results of the study support self-determination theory and were discussed with implication regarding to autonomy-supportive coaching behaviors perceived by athletes.

The purpose of the present research is placed on the application of an exercise counseling program for the exercise behavior continuance of older adults and the verification of the effects. As the subjects of the research, a group of 50 members at the welfare centers for old adults located in the city of Seoul participating in the sport for all programs were divided into the application group of exercise counseling and a controlled group each constituted with 25 members. The exercise counseling program applied the exercise counseling program model that was suggested by Ki-woon Yoon (2008). For the verification of the effects for the exercise counseling programs, the stages of change model, exercise participation adherence and the outcome expectations of before and after consultation was measured. As the results of the research, first, the applied group of exercised counseling displayed higher outcome expectations in comparison to the controlled group. Secondly, the counseled group displayed higher adherence of exercise in comparison to the controlled group. Third, the counseled group displayed higher degree of exercise satisfaction in comparison to the controlled group. In conclusion, exercise counseling program appeared to have positive influences on the exercise adherence of older adults.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of physical activity on physical self-description and school adaptation on Korean highschool students who`s experiencing psychological difficulties due to rapidly changing physiological and academic conditions. Six hundred forty high school students from 4 different districts in Seoul area completed questionnaires, and, using the SPSS/win program (ver. 12.0) frequency analyses, factor analyses, Reliability analyses, t-tests, correlation analyses, 3-way MANOVA, and multiple regression tests were performed. The results showed, first, there were significant differences in the levels of physical self-description, and school adaptation between the participated and non-participated groups. The participants who experienced the physical activity positively evaluated their physical self and showed better school adaptation. Secondly, body fat and muscle strength variables of the physical self-description was influenced by the length of participation. Also, the participation frequency and time influenced the teacher adaptation, and the participation had positive influences on the environmental, friend, and school life adaptations. According to this study, students tend to perceive that any form of physical activities plays a positive role in improving their bodily self-description and in enhancing their school performance. Thus, it is recommended that students should participate in various physical activities at least 30 minutes a day in and outside of school.

The purpose of this study was to examine behavioral types of efficient bowling coach`s by identifying relationship between communication and leadership behavior types of bowling coach`s, who have an influence on bowlers. A total of 234 bowlers were subjected to the study and the Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS) and the Communication Scale and Bowling Coach on Leader Preference Scale for Bowler were used to obtain the study results. The method of convenience sampling among non-probability was used for information gathering and the gathered information was computerized by using SPSS12.0 program. For data analysis, faa an analysis aatption Varimax was used in order to inspect the faa an structure of each variam.e. Cronbach`s α faa an was calculated to analyze the reliability on questionnaires and to verify the hypothesis t-test and ANOVA, were used to identify the difference between the variam.es and the canrelation analysis and multiple regression analysis were also used to examined the influence orized by usinon communication. The results were as follows fFirst, male preferrr daemocratic principles that he cauld choose htheswn exercise methods and intention. Second, a member of college team preferrr dted nion ground and aemocratic faa ans, and a member of htgh school team preferrr dthoughtful cocom byation and positive campensation. Third, a give cwho hasizess than 2 anars career preferrr d positive campensation cost, and aid not prefer authoritative zed by usi. Fatitessa give cthat preferrr dits coach preferrr dted nion ground, cocom byats, positive, compensational, democratic leadership factor, and did not prefer authoritative leadership. Fifth, The higher training ground factors could cause the higher level of communication and preference. Sixth, The higher authoritative factor could cause the less level of communication and preference. And frequent communication made a higher preference on a coach.

This study aims at examining the relationship between sensation seeking and exercise addiction according to the participation rate of leisure sport participants. Reserach date has been cllected from 379 subjects attending to th participation rate of leisure sport from S, K and p areas and has been analyzed with the Sensation Seeking Scale(SSS) qsustionnaire, Exercise Addiction(EAQ) qsustionnaire. Research date has been analyzed with the SPSSan5. o Windows Pro ram, using o t-way ANOVAs Post-hoc tust of Sche a`` Sethod, and partial correlation analysis. the reon a beenthis study concisde y )that there exists positive dirred p aport participants. Reserach ercise addiction according to the participation conditias been:antx, age,; y2) that there exists postive di and p aporth ercise addiction according to participation intparity, the time of day and period,; y3)and that participation rates and participants. Reshas a significa tupositive relationship between exercise addiction.

This paper presents research on a psychological training program, which in combination with a physical training regimen, seeks to enhance the performance of professional tennis athletes. The psychological training program detailed and analyzed here includes image training, self encouragement, goal setting, and other diverse methods. After constructing a training program consistent with Vealey (2007), one male high school junior was selected as the research subject and was subsequently subjected to 9 trials of the program over a course of 4 months. The effectiveness of the training program was gauged by comparing the subject`s pre-training baseline with measures taken throughout the training program period. The measurements were both quantitative and qualitative in nature, including multiple interviews, questionnaire (psychological skill questionnaire in sport), as well as in-game observations. Research results demonstrate that a number of the psychological training methods significantly increased 2~3 of the subject`s psychological skills. Questionnaire revealed subject`s enhancement in almost all psychological factors measured. Furthermore, in-depth interviews revealed that the program had a significant benefit with respect to treating anxiety and lack of confidence/goal setting as expressed in the baseline measurements. In particular, the subject`s service double faults were reduced dramatically and match win/loss record was also significantly influenced.

This research aims to do in-depth study, through qualitative research on the effects experienced in yoga or respiration meditation class, and its main participants are the students who participated in S women`s University yoga class. Among female college students who took part in yoga or respiration meditation, we picked 25 of them and gathered data through in-depth interview, examinations on unstable factors, and daily experience journal. We asked them write their experiences from yoga and respiration meditation in the journal every day, and analyzed it by a means of qualitative research. Consequently, the effects gained from yoga and meditation class are divided into Physical effects (improvement in muscles and yoga posture, correcting body posture, relaxation of body, improvement in adjustment of breathing, weight loss, and keeping regular hours), Psychological effects (refreshment, emotional stability, improved concentration, relief of stress), Physiological effects (circulation of blood, promotion of health, sound sleep, regular motions) and Cognitive effects (changed ways of cognition, physical perception, Recommendation factors). Generally, physical & psychological changes are significant for the first week, but 2 weeks later, physiological and cognitive effects became outstanding. This shows it`s necessary to do yoga steadily and yoga for a long term brings a big effect on psychological factors. Also, Yoga brought some changes into their regular hours and habits, and it grew the confidence in their life followed by fatigue recovery, less anxiety, less melancholia. And this was a chance to look back and understand their bodies as well as be reminded of their health to themselves. Yoga as a cultural study in the university is considered as the basic of sound university life with satisfaction of school life and sound mental health. This suggests that school life should focus on not only learning but also sound body harmoniously.

The purpose of this study was two-fold; (a) to identify the program and protocol of psychological skills training to operate counselling and psychological skills training program for junior golfer; (b) to test the effects of counselling and psychological skills training program on psychological skills and performance. For the purpose of this study, the program of counselling and psychological skills training included psychological characteristics of subject and was operated by personal needs. A single subject design and multiple baseline across behavior were used to know the effects of counselling and psychological skills training program on improvement of psychological skills and performance. The following results were identified for exploration in this study: Firstly, Anxiety, self-challenge, imagery control, self-confidence, attentional focus, and arousal control were showed progressively improvement with introduction of counselling and psychological skills training. Secondly, This study also reported that junior golfer`s handicap, scoring average, putt per greens in regulation, greens in regulation, fairway hitting accuracy, scrambling, bounce back were improved progressively in his game as measured by comparison of pre- and during-training period.

The Purpose of this study was to investigate the Imagery trait of the Elite Archers. first, Open-ended questionnaire was asked 57 high school, 25 university and 14 professional archery athletes. Imagery-related data for open-ended questionnaire were collected and then their contents were analyzed inductively. According to the suggestion of validity committee, only 93 cases were adopted among 394 high school, 117 university and 73 professional cases except similar or repeated ones. Based on the results of validity committee, raw data were categorized into when, where, what, how. second, 8 elite archer participate the in-depth interview. The results of the interview showed that elite archery athletes have rarely participated in formal mental training programs but they used their knowledge gained by experience, and that they put more focus on their feeling during their usual practice and internal posture than on external posture. Therefore internal Imagery can be said to be utilized. Relaxation is often regarded as a prerequisite for Imagery but the result of this study showed that athletes used progressive relaxation techniques a little, not so much. But they always imagined positive image and considered confidence image is the most important quality they must have. They didn`t have great vividness of Imagery. Some did but others not. They didn`t pay much attention to the vividness itself. Athletes established their own sense of the internal posture through their usual practice and repetition and keep the feeling in a competition and perform automatically without any Imagery or intervention. We are discussed about the different results between non elite archers and elite archers. Finally we proposed imagery research for archery field.

The purpose of this study was to develop a basic psychological needs scale for secondary school physical education settings based on Basic Psychological Needs Scale for Collegiate Athletes(Park & Kim, 2008) and to examine its construct validity through cross-sectional questionnaire survey. A series of modifying procedures and a pilot study was conducted to develop items that can properly measure students` basic psychological needs for physical education. As the final version for the Basic Psychological Needs Scale for Physical Education, the items and scale were developed. Internal and external validity of the scale were examined using data obtained from two main surveys. Also multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was conducted for testing its construct validity and latent mean analysis. As a result, the evidence of concurrent validity was obtained from correlation analysis using basic psychological needs scale in general. The evidence of predictive validity was obtained from standard regression analysis using psychological well-being scale. The results of multi-group factor analysis showed that the Basic Psychological Needs Scale for Physical Education can properly measure adolescents` basic psychological needs in physical education settings. In the latent mean analysis, male students showed significantly higher latent mean values in autonomy, competence, and relatedness needs than females. Compared with middle school students, high school students were significantly higher in relatedness needs, but lower in autonomy and competence needs relatively.

The purpose of this study was to investigate 1) the effects of visual imagery on cerebral cortical activity and rifle shooting performance and 2) correlation between imagery-induced EEG activity and shooting performance. Twenty-four participants who had no previous experience on rifle shooting participated in this experiment. Their ages ranged from 18 to 28 years (M=21.3 years), and they were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: (1) Visual imagery group (n=12), (2) Control group (n=12). Participants performed 40 acquisition trials, followed by 20 retention trials. Repeated two way ANOVAs have been conducted to see the difference between groups on 1) powers of alpha, beta, and theta band at Fz, T3 & T4 electrode sites and 2) shooting performance during 4 acquisition blocks and 2 retention blocks. Correlation between power values of each frequency bands at each electrode sites and shooting scores have been analyzed. As the result, visual imagery increases psycho-motor efficiency by elevating theta power at task-irrelevant region (T3). Shooting score was higher in visual imagery group relative to control group. Additionally, significant positive correlation has been observed between theta power at T3 and T4 during visual imagery and shooting scores. This result implies that visual-imagery induced-theta power may play an important role to mediate the shooting performance.

The purpose of this study was to examine how weight training intensity works on the secretion of the human growth hormone, testosterone and cortisol, which are kinds of the stress hormone secreted out of the endocrine system. To study this purpose effectively, Thus, 17 male students at a university were selected to be the subjects of this study and they were divided into two group. A group composed of 8 subjects took exercise at submaximal intensity(SUB Group) and another group composed of 9 subjects took exercise at maximal intensity(MAX Group) for 6 weeks. The stress hormone changes of growth hormone, testosterone and Cortisol were analyzed before exercise, immediately after exercise, 10 minutes after exercise, and 40 minutes after exercise respectively, two times to pre-training and post-training for 6 weeks. To sum up, 9 subjects who took resistance exercise at the two intensities for 6 weeks showed high growth hormone levels SUB Group and Max Group. Also it suggests that ordinary people have need to carefully determine exercise intensity according to their physical-psychological conditions. The reason why testosterone was not significantly secreted in comparison to growth hormone and cortisol might be complicatedly related to subject`s physical condition, psychological variables related to needs.

The study was to investigate the influence of action observation, motor imagery and visual illusion using mirror on motor cortical excitability in chronic stroke patients and healthy adults. Ten chronic stroke patients and ten healthy adults were participated in this experiment. Motor evoked potentials (MEP) were obtained from the inactive first dorsal interosseous in each of five task conditions: control (viewing a block positioned between hands), inactive (viewing the inactive hand), active (viewing the active hand), imagery (viewing the inactive hand while mentally image hand movement), mirror condition (viewing a mirror-reflection of the active hand in a mirror oriented). For this experiment, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), stimulation coil, EMG, Ag/AgCI suface electrode, and mirror were used. The research had the following results. Largest MEP was obtained in the mirror condition both stroke patient and healthy adult group and there was no difference between groups. Stroke patients group was no significantly difference between imagery condition and active condition and MEP during inactive condition tended to be lower than other conditions. The current finding provides neurophysiological evidence supporting the application of mirror therapy in stroke rehabilitation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of perception and action on temporal timing across different segment`s angles. Participants were 18 female adults who performed a sequential timing task. The experimental task is to press two computer keyboards, J or F key on sequential movement task with 5 segments/trial, which consisted of 9 trials on an angle: 10, 30, or 60 degree respectively. For examining the effects of temporal timing control on a perceptual characteristics by angle, we analyzed a perceptual velocity characteristics in pressing keyboard by a questionnaire and two timing errors measured by Eye Hand Timing Coordination Program (EHTCP), which consisted of relative timing error and absolute timing error. The results represented that even though they had a different perceptual velocity characteristics on angles: 10, 30, or 60 degrees, participants pressed keyboard with no significant difference in both relative timing error and absolute timing error. We conclude that this results may have relevance to the perception-action hypothesis (Milner & Goodale, 1995) explaining the segregation of perception and action, and the planning-control hypothesis (Glover, 2002) showing some behavioral correction by on-line control in performance.

The purpose of this study is to investigate that the index of difficulty is important variance on distinct effect of self-controlled feedback. The task used in this research was golf putting task and the test subjects were 32 university female students. The test subjects consist of a highly index of difficulty(8 self-controlled students and 8 yoked students) and a low index of difficulty(8 self-controlled students and 8 yoked students). There were no differences in golf putting skills within four group(high self-controlled, high yoked, low self-controlled and low yoked) in a pre-test. The data analysis of acquisition phase and retention phase were carried out under 2(index of difficulty) × 2(feedback group) × 6(block) and 2(index of difficulty) × 2(feedback) × 2(block) factorial design with repeated measures on last factor. For the dependent variable, radial error which represent performance of the absolute error and bivariate variable error which represent consistency of performance has been used. The following results were reached by analyzing the test data through the descriptive statistic and the three-way ANOVA with repeated measures on the last factor. Firstly, both radial error and bivariate variable error in acquisition phase were decreased over time, but there were no significant difference between all groups. Sich rly, in analyzing both radial error and bivariate variable error in retention test, the interaction effects were visible within the index of difficulty and feedback type respectively. In low index of difficulty task, there were no significant learning effect between self-controlled feedback group and yoked group yet, in high index of difficulty task, there were significant learning effect between self-controlled feedback group and yoked group. Therefore the result of this study proves that the index of difficulty is important variance on distinct effect of self-controlled feedback.

It has been suggested that the basal ganglia are involved in the performance of upper-limb bimanual coordination movements. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of basal ganglia impairments, as manifested in Parkinson`s disease (PD), on the capability of performing bimanual coordination in detail. Ten PD patients in advanced stages and 10 early stages of untreated PD patients, and 10 age-matched normal controls were instructed to perform bimanual coordination movements at 3 different speeds (0.75, 1.25, 1.78Hz). The results demonstrated that only advanced PD patients exhibited a reduced synchronized coordination during the anti-phase mode, particularly at the fastest speed (i.e., 1.75 Hz), compared with other two subject groups. This finding suggests that the observed bimanual coordination dysfunction in PD may be developed over the disease progression or a side effect of dopaminergic medication. The present study also examined the parameterization of individual limb movements such as speed, amplitude, and smoothness of each limb movement, independent of the coordinative requirements of in-phase and anti-phase patterns. The results showed that both PD patient groups showed impairments in scaling movement speed and amplitude of limb, and these deficits were more pronounced as a function of movement frequency. This indicates that difficulties in parameterizing the individual limb movements during bimanual coordination could be an early sign of the pathophysiology of the disease.